Many of our clients work with IT specialists on a B2B basis. The main question we may hear is whether this model is beneficial for the parties. In this article we will try to show you how to tax optimize the IT activity in Poland. Check out our article on taxation of IT activity in Poland.
Forms of taxation for IT activity in Poland
Essentially, self-employed programmers may choose one of the following taxation forms:
- general rules – tax scale,
- a lump-sum tax on registered revenue,
- a flat tax.
Self-employed programmers most often choose between two forms of taxation: a flat tax and a lump-sum tax on revenue. Therefore, we will focus on these two forms of taxation in the following part of the article. Nevertheless, a few words about general taxation rules, i.e. tax scale.
So called general rules of taxation in Poland (tax scale)
The health insurance contribution amounts to 9% of the income, but not less than 270,90 PLN per month. It is non-deductible and cannot be reduced. This means that the higher the income, the higher the amount of the contribution. On the other hand, the basic income tax rate amounts to 17%. However, after exceeding the specified tax threshold (120 000 PLN) one has to pay 32% tax rate.
An undeniable advantage of this taxation form is the possibility of using a tax-free allowance, a middle-class relief and other tax reliefs. Among them, an IP Box tax relief deserves special attention from the perspective of programmers. It concerns entrepreneurs who generate revenue from the commercialization of intellectual property rights. A joint taxation of spouses is also possible.
The tax scale is usually recommended for those taxpayers who generate a relatively low revenue or those who have high tax-deductible expenses. Therefore, in most cases, this form of taxation would not be the most favourable one for computer programmers.
The lump-sum tax in Poland – advantages and disadvantages
The lump-sum income tax on certain income earned by individuals constitutes a simplified form of taxation of revenue. The disadvantages of the lump sum are mainly connected with the lack of the possibility of deducting costs. This means that the revenue is subject to taxation, not the income (revenue minus the costs). Consequently, there is no possibility of reducing the income tax base through the company’s expenses. Only contributions to ZUS, payments to IKZE, rehabilitation relief, Internet connection relief as well as donations for specified purposes are possible to deduct.
IP Box tax relief – cumulation not allowed
Additionally, programmers who choose lump-sum taxation will not be able to benefit from the IP Box relief for the entrepreneurs whose income results from the commercialization of intellectual property rights or from the middle-class tax relief. When deciding to choose the lump sum, one cannot settle the taxes jointly with a spouse. Moreover, this form of taxation is not available for those taxpayers who, within their business activity, gain revenues from services provided for their former or current employer if those activities correspond to the ones conducted in the previous tax year or the ones provided in the current tax year within employment relationship or cooperative employment relationship.
Reduced lump-sum rate in Poland for IT activity
However, apart from the disadvantages, there are also advantages of this form of taxation. Undoubtedly, one of them is the new rate of lump-sum tax for programmers that amounts to 12 %. The rate may be even lower and amount to 8,5 % if the taxpayer provides services such as:
- management of websites together with hosting,
- automation of IT systems’ implementation processes,
- concepts designing,
- creating technical documentation for computer systems or
- manual software testing.
Health insurance contributions may also turn out to be lower in lump-sum tax than in other forms of taxation. In 2022, its amount depends on the revenue of a given entrepreneur and it may reach:
- 335,94 PLN per month (annual revenue up to 60 000 PLN),
- 559,89 PLN per month (annual revenue from 60 000 PLN to 300 000 PLN)
- or a maximum of 1007,81 PLN per month (annual revenue over 300 000 PLN).
Taxation of IT programmers – flat tax rate in Poland
A flat rate was the most common form of taxation preferred by IT contractors in Poland. It was before the ‘Polish Deal’ entered into force. In the case of a flat tax, it is the income (revenue minus tax-deductible expenses) that constitutes a tax base. The tax rate of 19% is fixed – it applies regardless of the amount of the earned income. The health insurance contribution, on the other hand, amounts to 4,9% of the income (but not less than 270,90 PLN per month). It is lower than incase of the general tax scale but still higher than in case of a lump sum.
Entrepreneurs who choose flat tax may benefit from some reliefs that were available even before 2022. They may also beenefit from the new ones introduced by the ‘Polish Deal’. E.g. on automation and robotics, on consolidation, etc. However, they cannot benefit from the middle-class tax relief. Moreover, they cannot settle taxes jointly with a spouse, and they are not affected by the tax-free allowance. Additionally, a flat tax is not available for entrepreneurs who provide services for the former or current employer. This applies in the same year in which he or she provided similar services. The basis of cooperation was employment relationship or cooperative employment relationship.
Which form of taxation is the most beneficial for IT activity in Poland?
As one can imagine, there is no right answer to this question. Everything depends on the individual evaluation of a business activity conducted by a given entrepreneur. Apart from the restrictions connected with providing services for a former employer, the main factors determining the choice of taxation form should concern the amount of income and costs.
For example:
Programmer X has an income of 10 000 PLN per month, which amounts to 120 000 PLN per year. He does not have constant high costs connected with conducting business activity and invested the amount of 5000 PLN in equipment only in one month.
In the case of a flat tax, the annual amount of tax will constitute 19% x (120 000 – 5000)= 21 850 PLN
In the case of a lump-sum tax, the annual amount of tax will constitute 12% x 120 000 =14 400 PLN
Additionally, in the presented example, after choosing a lump sum, the health insurance rate will be lower but the programmer will not be able to benefit from tax reliefs (including IP Box). Therefore, at first glance, a lump-sum tax seems to be the most advantageous for entrepreneurs, however, if the generated costs of programmer X would be higher it might turn out that the lump sum is not such a beneficial solution.
Taxation of IT activity in Poland – individual situation matters
When choosing the form of taxation, one should also take into account the entrepreneur’s personal situation.
For example, if an entrepreneur considers taking credit in the nearest future, choosing a lump-sum tax will decrease his or her credit capacity. When a bank evaluates one’s credit capacity, it calculates the percentage of the income on the basis of the company’s revenue. Consequently, the entrepreneur who chooses lump-sum tax appears to have lower credit capacity than the one who chooses flat tax, and his or her chances of receiving credit decrease.
How to change the form of taxation in Poland?
Finally, it is worth mentioning how the form of taxation may be changed. According to the Act on Personal Income Tax (Art. 9a) and the Act on the Lump-sum Income Tax (Art. 9), the form of taxation for a given year may be chosen by the 20th day of the month following the month in which the entrepreneur gained his first revenue generated by business activity in a given fiscal year. If the company gained the revenue in January, the form of taxation has to be changed no later than in February.
Once the choice is made, the form of taxation is valid also in the following years, unless the taxpayer changes it. Therefore, if an entrepreneur wants to stick to the chosen model of taxation, he or she does not have to do anything. If, on the other hand, one plans to switch to a flat tax or a lump sum, he or she should submit a declaration on their choice of the preferred form of taxation. However, if one has used a flat tax or a lump-sum tax so far and wants to switch to general rules (tax scale), a statement of resignation from the previous form of taxation should be delivered to the relevant authority. The abovementioned applications may be submitted in a written form to the head of the tax office or to the Central Business Activity Registration and Information Office [Polish: CEIDG].
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